While I was still a boy, I came to the conclusion that there were three grades of thinking; and since I was later to claim thinking as my hobby, I came to an even stranger conclusion — namely, that I myself could not think at all. -William Golding, author of Lord of the Flies
Sometime back reader Sara pointed me to this fascinating essay by William Golding about the nature of critical thinking. Golding explains his intellectual development (including a personal encounter with Albert Einstein) and classifies critical thinking skill in three grades.
Grade-Three Critical Thinking
Grade-Three thought is often full of unconscious prejudice, ignorance and hypocrisy. It will lecture on disinterested purity while its neck is being remorselessly twisted towards a skirt. Technically, it is about as proficient as most businessmen’s golf, as honest as most politicians’ intentions, or –to come near my own preoccupation — as coherent as most books that get written. It is what I came to call grade-three thinking, though more properly, it is feeling, rather than thought.
Grade-Two Critical Thinking
Grade-two thinking is the detection of contradictions. Grade-two thinkers do not stampede easily, though often they fall into the other fault and lag behind. Grade-two thinking is a withdrawal, with eyes and ears open. It became my hobby and brought satisfaction and loneliness in either hand. For grade-two thinking destroys without having the power to create. It set me watching the crowds cheering His Majesty and King and asking myself what all the fuss was about, without giving me anything positive to put in the place of that heady patriotism…Grade-two thinking, though it filled life with fun and excitement, did not make for content.
Grade-One Critical Thinking
I found that grade two was the power to point out contradictions. It took the swimmer some distance from the shore and left him there, out of his depth. I decided that Pontius Pilate was a typical grade-two thinker. “What is truth?” he said, a very common grade-two thought, “but one that is used always as the end of an argument instead of the beginning”. There is still a higher grade of thought which says, “What is truth?” and sets out to find it.
This essay illustrates the most important reason to read — to clarify your own thoughts. We’ve all observed the three grades of thinking before, but Golding defines them perfectly. Having your thoughts confirmed by a renowned thinker builds confidence and strengthens the belief that nothing is truly original.
It also gives us perspective. I used to believe that the present was a terrible time to be born for creative thinkers. The more I read, the more I understand that grade-three thinkers always have and always will hold the majority. While this isn’t the cheeriest realization, it lead me to stop making excuses and start utilizing modern advantages like the internet.
Golding’s development is remarkably similar to my personal experience; starting at blind acceptance, moving to contradiction and cynicism, and finally reaching creative thought. I’m inclined to believe the development of all thoughtful people follows this pattern and I’d be curious to hear about other experiences.
For anyone interested in this subject I recommend reading the full essay. The quotes I’ve chosen fail to do justice to Golding’s elegant, humorous, and insightful writing.
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You sure do get an early start! I was just returning to read some of your articles, i found the site a couple of hours ago… and here you go already with the thinking… its friggin early, man! I’ve been awake since 2 tryin to look up a complete guide to concrete work … i was glad to come across your website though. It was a nice break and i enjoy your writing. Thanks for pickthebrain.com, i’ll be trying to read everything on it over the next week or so. I, too, consider thinking to be a hobby of mine…
Haha, I actually don’t get up that early, Kyle. I wrote this post a couple days ago and scheduled it to appear automatically this morning. I’m glad you’ve been enjoying the blog though, and thanks for your comments.
John, your article addresses where I’m at right now with my website and objective. Thinking has become a lost art - I mean, of course, the critical kind. One can’t sashay through life on whim, chance or good looks. Maybe we can start a ‘thinking revolution’.
I second this analysis…particularly the “what is truth” comment. I found a lot of what I was looking for in the Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle.
Hey, cool!
Chris, you may enjoy Schopenhauer.
It seems so that “everyone” thinkith they are the master.
thanks for pointing out this excellent essay. it crystallized what i’ve long thought about my most cynical friends - cynicism is a dead end. you can delight in pointing out hypocrisy, but eventually, unless you discover the hidden doorway of creativity, you’re stuck. and it’s a lonely hole.
If you want to move beyond grade 2, take something you’re highly critical of and make it into something that works for you.
The trick is that you absolutely must start with something you’re dissatisfied with before trying to flip it, otherwise you’re just an optimist at heart, along with the rest of grade 3.
Good luck all.
One of my chess friends once said that you don’t improve until you start asking the right questions, and then you don’t become noticeable until you start providing solutions (annotating another’s games or creating your own lines of play).
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